![]() Microsoft Kills Word Flow Keyboard—Here's What to Replace It With. When you installed Microsoft’s Word Flow keyboard on your i. Phone, you probably thought it was an app or extension. Turns out, it was an “experiment,” an experiment that is now “complete,” and you need to switch to a new keyboard. Your safest bet is Swift. Key, which Microsoft bought early last year, and which recently caught up to the default keyboard with 3. D Touch cursor control and over 1. Multilingual typers can even switch languages on the fly, and Swift. Key will detect the change. We also recommend Google’s Gboard, which offers instant search and dictation. While Swift. Key sends your typing data to its servers to process customization, Gboard leaves all your typing data (except for searches and dictation recordings) on your keyboard. Unlike Word Flow, neither of these keyboards will squeeze to one side for one- handed typing (for that you’ll need Fleksy or Minuum). Latest trending topics being covered on ZDNet including Reviews, Tech Industry, Security, Hardware, Apple, and Windows.
But both offer swipe- typing, which (after a little practice) is much faster than one- handed tapping. To enable a new keyboard, after you download it, go to Settings > General > Keyboard > Keyboards > Add New Keyboard, add the keyboard, then select it again and turn on “Allow Full Access.”. ![]() ![]() Microsoft Wireless Mouse 5000 Lag Fix Download ManagerMicrosoft Wireless Mouse 5000 Lag Fix Download This Video
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![]() Torrentz Search Engine. Torrentz will always love you. I see you don’t monetize your site, don’t waste your traffic, you can earn extra bucks every month because you’ve got hi quality content. If you want to know. Contents [0] Where can I get the DVD FAQ? [0.1] Has the DVD FAQ been translated into other languages? [0.2] This FAQ is too long and technical. Rubber Firewall @RubberFirewal Blog. Autodesk 2017 2016 Direct Links. Adobe CC 2015 2014 Direct Links. Welcome to ISA. Founded in 1945, the International Society of Automation is a leading, global, nonprofit organization with more than 40,000 members worldwide. A nonprofit organization providing unbiased product ratings and reviews since 1936. We put over 4,000 products through rigorous testing each year. Product Reviews and Ratings - Consumer Reports. Why Do We Have Campaigns? We're fighting to ensure you and your family can get a fair deal in the marketplace, especially on the choices that matter most: health care, privacy, automobiles, food, finances and more. Join our campaigns and together, we'll hold corporations and lawmakers accountable. ![]() ★ 96 Volt Battery For A Rc Car - Semi Truck Batteries Heavy Duty How Long To Charge A Dead Battery Batteries Plus Lafayette Louisiana. ![]() ![]() The spy software market is on the rise now, with new programs being introduced more frequently than ever. Today we’ll cover Appmia, a program with longer history. Best Kodi add- ons for TV and Movies in 2. Kodi addons for TV and movies in 2. Published by Paul Bischoff on September 2. VPN & Privacy. Kodi, the free and open source home theater software, allows you to stream media from a huge range of sources. They don’t come pre- installed, however, so you’ll have to install a few Kodi movie add- ons before you can start binge- watching interesting movies and TV shows. However, during your search for movie and TV streaming add- ons, you’ll come across two types: official Kodi add- ons that can be accessed through the Official Kodi Add- on Repository, and add- ons that are made available through a large number of third- party repositories. Third- party add- ons carry significant risks over those found in the Official Kodi Add- on Repository. Third- party add- ons can be hijacked by hackers and used to spy on user streaming activities.
![]() They can also carry other forms of malware which can be silently pushed on to users even if the add- on was installed from a seemingly trustworthy source. Because third- party add- ons are not fully vetted, they carry significant privacy and security risks. Our guide will break down how to install some of the best add- ons for TV and movie streaming. We also give an overview of the privacy concerns related to popular third- party movie and TV streaming add- ons. At the very bottom of our guide, you’ll find a helpful overview of the most popular third- party add- ons that you may also see recommended in other places, with an explanation of what those add- ons are, how they stream content, and what kind of content they provide. Laws and rules vary from country to country, so we recommend anyone looking to streaming content through third- party add- ons that offer “free” content to check on whether the content is legally offered, and whether it’s legal to view such content in your country. Expert Tip: No matter which add- ons you choose, we strongly recommend you employ a reputable, fast VPN when streaming video on Kodi to keep you safe and private online. A favorite VPN with the Kodi community is IPVanish, which works with all Kodi add- ons and with all of the most popular devices including Amazon’s Fire Stick. You can save up to 6. IPVanish plans here. Why Kodi users should always use a VPNTo install these add- ons on Kodi, you’ll first need to set up their respective repositories. A repository is like a library full of add- ons you can install at will from within Kodi. Some repositories require manual installation, while others like Fusion allow you to use a simple add- on installer. Many Kodi users turn to a VPN to hide their streaming activities from their ISP. However, there are many legitimate reasons to use a VPN while using Kodi. Perhaps one of the most important is data protection. When you download and install Kodi add- ons, you may be exposing your computer to hacking and snooping. Add- ons can be hijacked and used to install malware on your system, as well as used in man- in- the- middle hack attacks which allow the hacker to see all of your activity, including passwords and usernames. Additionally, subscription services are often geo- locked, meaning they only work in certain countries. A VPN solves both of these problems by encrypting all the internet traffic going to and from the device so that third parties, such as your ISP, can’t monitor your activity. While you’ll need to be extra vigilant and install anti- virus software to help detect malicious add- ons, man- in- the- middle hijacks can be prevented through VPN privacy methods. Reader deal: Save up to 6. IPVanish, the Kodi community’s favorite VPN service. Comparitech does not condone or encourage any violation of copyright restrictions, including illegal streaming through Kodi. Kodi can be used for many excellent, legal online streaming purposes. Please consider the law, victims, and risks of piracy before downloading or streaming copyrighted material without permission. Official Kodi add- ons for streaming TV and movies. All of the add- ons listed below can be either be found in the Official Kodi Add- on Repository or other locations. Importantly, none of these add- ons provide illegal, pirated content. We recommend these add- ons because they are more commonly vetted by an official organization, stream content legally, and are less likely to be a piracy concern. BBC i. Player. BBC radio and TV programs come in the form of i. Player WWW as an add- on for Kodi. You can watch live TV, catch- up TV programs and radio content from the BBC i. Player website. Keep in mind that most content is UK only, so you’ll have to set your VPN to the UK to use it. Not all VPNs work so check out our article on which beat the BBC i. Player VPN ban. The BBC i. Player is legal to use if you are a UK resident with a valid TV License i. Player WWW is available on the Official Kodi Add- on Repository. To learn more on how to install and use. To learn more on how to install and use i. Player WWW on Kodi, click here. Play. On. If you want to integrate paid streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime Video into Kodi, the best cross- platform solution is Play. On. For $2. 5. 0 a month, this streaming DVR saves video files into an MP4 format for playback. It includes a feature that allows you to automatically skip ads. You will need a Windows PC to record the video onto using the Play. On Media Server app, but the Kodi add- on works on any operating system. Play. On is a fully- legal and interesting way to connect your paid streaming accounts and fully integrates with the Kodi media player. Subscribe to Play. On here (includes a 3. You can find the Play. On Kodi add- on Official Kodi Add- on Repository. You. Tube. You. Tube remains a popular source for TV shows and movies. Any movie or TV show, whether full episodes or video clips, that you can find on You. Tube, you can find quickly and easily on the You. Tube add- on. Perhaps the best part of using the You. Tube add- on over accessing the site through a web browser or other options is the fact that you can bypass all of the somewhat annoying side banners and video suggestions. In fact, you don’t even get the annoying advertisements that play before your videos either. When trying to use the You. Tube add- on, you won’t be able to access content until you pair your device. When you hit “sign in”, you’ll be given an activation code and prompted to go to youtube. You may need to do this twice in order for it to work. You. Tube is a fully- legal option for streaming video. While you may run into pirated content on You. Tube, this is rare, and You. Tube is fairly quick about taking down such content. USTV Now. USTV Now is an interesting service. Although more specifically designed for US military service men and women and expatriates who are overseas, pretty much anyone can sign up for an use the service. USTV Now costs $1. DVR services. You can pay out $3. DVR. With USTV Now, you can get access to hundreds of movies and TV shows. Whether they’re shows you saved through DVR, or on- demand replays, you can access that content through the USTV Now add- on. USTV Now is considered legal at this time. You can find it in the Official Kodi Add- on Repository, however, this is an older version that may not work. Click here to check out our USTNow installation guide. For the newer version of this addon, you can check the Super. Repo or Kodisrael add- on repositories. Play. Station Vue (PS Vue Add- on)Play. Station now offers a TV streaming option known as Play. Station Vue. After signing up for a Play. Station Vue account, you can access that account through Kodi using the Kodi add- on you’ll find in the Official Kodi Add- on Repository. The service is a bit on the pricey side ($3. DVR option for recording shows and movies but also on- demand movie and TV show streaming, just like you’d find with a cable subscription service. Play. Station Vue is a fully legal option, and connecting to the service via the Kodi add- on violates no copyrights. You can only connect to this service once you’ve created an account and by using your account credentials. Film. Rise – You. Tube. Looking for a great legal movie streaming option with tons of films to watch? The little- known Film. Rise addon may be just what you’re looking for. Film. Rise is a film and TV distribution company that acquires licenses and offers all of that content free online. Film. Rise offers over 7,5. You. Tube and therefore easily available through Kodi. There’s more than one Film. ![]() Planning for Vo. IP Installation | Assessing Your Infrastructure. Some Internet phone setups fail to impress because easy- to- discover problems exist in the configuration of the telephone adapter or the Internet connection. Checking these problems out before installation could have made the project more successful and the subscriber's first experience with Vo. IP much more satisfying. In this chapter David Field looks at the steps you need to take before going ahead with your Vo. IP installation. This chapter is from the book For more information on Digital Lifestyles topics, visit our Digital Lifestyles Reference Guide or sign up for our Digital Lifestyles Newsletter. Vo. IP places certain demands on your home's Internet connection. If you have networking devices, your Vo. IP installation needs to coexist peacefully with them. You need to take into account devices such as firewalls, gateways, cable and DSL modems, and PCs, and also form a plan for integrating Vo. IP. In this section, I look at the demands Vo. IP will place on your network and some likely installation points for your new devices. Planning for VoIP Installation. By. Figure 3.2 The network diagram with location and bandwidth. Follow the included instructions to install the device in your. · How to Set Up Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) in Your Home. VoIP–Voice over IP– means you are able to place phone calls over the. Got network? Many homes with broadband Internet use home gateway devices to connect their cable or DSL modem to one or more computers. If you have a laptop, you may have chosen a wireless gateway to allow you to wander about as you compute. Wireless or not, if you have an Internet gateway, you have a network. A Vo. IP telephone adapter will need to find a home in your network infrastructure. Take a few moments to sketch your network to help you visualize the best place to plug in. A Network Sketch. Your network sketch doesn't need to be anything fancy; a simple diagram on a sheet of paper is fine. Your main goal is to be able to visualize your system and to select proper equipment and locations for your phone system. Use symbols to map out your devices. You can use the diagram I have included as a guide for symbols and formatting, or make up your own (Figure 3. You are the only one who needs to be able to understand your map. ![]() Figure 3. 1 A basic network diagram showing the orientation of network devices Filling in Vital Statistics. As you complete your drawing, fill in details such as Internet connection bandwidth and location of devices (Figure 3. You will use this information in your evaluation of your readiness for Vo. IP. Figure 3. 2 The network diagram with location and bandwidth information added. It is a good idea to test your bandwidth in addition to knowing what you are supposed to have. Almost all Internet connections perform at somewhat less than the speed advertised. You can test your bandwidth at a bandwidth site such as www. VoIP My House How to quickly. So why not switch phone companies and go VoIP, and save some money? Network Interface Device. it is probably best to install CAT6. · In previous responses, a brief high-level “how” to configure a VOIP system has been explained. What I would appreciate (and have not been able to find. Cisco Network Diagrams solution. This is an example of a roaming wireless local area network diagram that can be used. install the “Cisco Network Diagrams. Most likely you will need to install a network. connect the Management Port and your PC running VCT to the VoIP network. refer to the Hosted VoIP diagram. Let's look at the phones. You might only have a single phone that you will be using with your service. If so, great! Meet me in the next section. If you would like to connect more than one phone to your Internet phone system, take a quick look at your current configuration. Mapping out your phone system is also important to your planning effort (Figure 3. You should have a clear picture of how you plan to connect any existing phones you have to your new telephone adapter. As you map your system, note the location of each phone jack. Figure 3. 3 A basic diagram of a home's telephone distribution system NIU (Demarcation Point)Phone companies connect to your home at a demarcation point, also called a demarc or network interface unit (NIU). This device acts as a junction point for wires running from within your home to the telephone company's cables (Figure 3. When you install your telephone adapter, you may need to modify connections inside this device to distribute telephone signals throughout your home. We will discuss this process in more detail in Chapter 4. For now, just note the location of this device on your phone system map. Figure 3. 4 A telephone company's demarcation point or network interface unit (NIU) Distribution. Your home's telephone cables originate in the demarcation point and proceed to jacks throughout your home. Inspect the demarcation point carefully to see how many cables run to the inside. Some installers run each cable individually out to the demarcation point; others use a distribution block inside the home to pass the signal to each individual jack (Figure 3. In Chapter 4, I discuss special steps to take if your cables terminate in the demarcation point. Figure 3. 5 A telephone distribution panel in a home Access. If you live in an apartment building or townhome complex, you may not have direct access to the telephone company's demarcation point. If so, please note this on your drawing; it may affect the way you connect your phones to your telephone adapter. Not having access to this connection point means you may not be able to disconnect the telephone company's cables. This can lead to stray voltages being sent from the telephone company into your system—a situation that has been known to damage telephone adapters. I discuss options for this situation in Chapter 4. Identify your challenges. After completing your drawings, you will assess your readiness for Vo. IP installation (Figure 3. Look for factors that may pose a challenge to your installation. Identify factors like bandwidth, telephone company interconnection, and device placement, and form a strategy to deal with these issues. In this section, I examine these challenges and identify possible strategies for dealing with them. Bandwidth. Bandwidth (or the lack thereof) is one of the leading contributors to poor voice quality. As I discussed in Chapter 1, each voice codec has different bandwidth requirements. Other factors that affect bandwidth use include the Vo. IP transport protocol, TCP/IP protocol overhead (the bandwidth used just to keep a connection alive), and Internet bandwidth used concurrently with voice calls. Table 3. 1 shows a breakdown of Vo. IP bandwidth minimums. Table 3. 1. Vo. IP Bandwidth Requirements. Codec. G. 7. 11. G. G. 7. 26. G. 7. 29. Used by codec. 64 Kbps. Kbps. 16–4. 0 Kbps. Kbps. Transport (RTP)2. Kbps. 20 Kbps. 20 Kbps. Kbps. TCP/IP overhead. Kbps. 6 Kbps. 6 Kbps. Kbps. Total. 90 Kbps. Kbps. 66 Kbps. 34 Kbps. If you plan to use your Internet connection for other purposes while making voice calls, you should include an additional factor to account for that use. Moderate Web browsing will be unlikely to cause any problems in a 5. Kbps Internet connection, but heavy file downloading may significantly affect voice- call quality. As you consider bandwidth, keep in mind that even advertised bandwidth fluctuates slightly during use. Most Internet access providers use a practice called provisioning to help them budget bandwidth allocation. They assume that most connections will not use the full advertised rate 1. They base their available bandwidth capabilities on a guess as to what percentage their customers will typically use. If they guess low, you will experience bandwidth restrictions, or bottlenecks. When this happens, you will receive somewhat less than your advertised bandwidth. To see how often this happens, test your Internet bandwidth periodically. Sites like www. bandwidthplace. Vo. IP users (Figure 3. A Google search for "voip speed test" will reveal a list of suitable testing sites. Testing sites supported by specific Vo. IP vendors will indicate how many calls you can support concurrently when using their Vo. IP services. Figure 3. Vo. IP testing results displaying Vo. IP qualification scores. There are a few ways to address bandwidth issues. If you are very interested in a specific Vo. IP provider, and bandwidth is an issue with its service, you might have no choice but to upgrade your Internet connection speed. Often, this is as simple as calling your Internet access provider and asking for an upgrade. Occasionally, upgrading might require additional or updated Internet connection devices to be installed in your home. If you are not set on a specific Vo. IP provider, you might choose to use a provider that uses a lower- bandwidth codec. Some providers use G. Complexity - Wikipedia. Complexity describes the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.[1]The stem of the word complexity i. Complex is composed of the Latin words com (meaning: "together") and plex (meaning: woven). This is best contrasted with Complicated where plic (meaning: folded) refers to many layers. A complex system is thereby characterised by its inter- dependencies, whereas a complicated system is characterised by its layers. Complexity is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of emergence greater than the sum of its parts. Browse and Read Freightliner Manual In Pdf For Maintenance Visit The Web Site. rizzoni fundamentals of electrical engineering solution manual realidades 2 guided. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. ![]() This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of ancient and modern India, including both the. ![]() Just like there is no absolute definition of "intelligence", there is no absolute definition of "complexity"; the only consensus among researchers is that there is no agreement about the specific definition of complexity. However, a characterization of what is complex is possible.[2] The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory. In science,[3] there are as of 2. Neil Johnson states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using particular examples.." Ultimately he adopts the definition of 'complexity science' as "the study of the phenomena which emerge from a collection of interacting objects."[4]Overview[edit]Definitions of complexity often depend on the concept of a confidential "system" – a set of parts or elements that have relationships among them differentiated from relationships with other elements outside the relational regime. Many definitions tend to postulate or assume that complexity expresses a condition of numerous elements in a system and numerous forms of relationships among the elements. However, what one sees as complex and what one sees as simple is relative and changes with time. Warren Weaver posited in 1. Phenomena of 'disorganized complexity' are treated using probability theory and statistical mechanics, while 'organized complexity' deals with phenomena that escape such approaches and confront "dealing simultaneously with a sizable number of factors which are interrelated into an organic whole".[5] Weaver's 1. The approaches that embody concepts of systems, multiple elements, multiple relational regimes, and state spaces might be summarized as implying that complexity arises from the number of distinguishable relational regimes (and their associated state spaces) in a defined system. Some definitions relate to the algorithmic basis for the expression of a complex phenomenon or model or mathematical expression, as later set out herein. Disorganized vs. organized[edit]One of the problems in addressing complexity issues has been formalizing the intuitive conceptual distinction between the large number of variances in relationships extant in random collections, and the sometimes large, but smaller, number of relationships between elements in systems where constraints (related to correlation of otherwise independent elements) simultaneously reduce the variations from element independence and create distinguishable regimes of more- uniform, or correlated, relationships, or interactions. Weaver perceived and addressed this problem, in at least a preliminary way, in drawing a distinction between "disorganized complexity" and "organized complexity". In Weaver's view, disorganized complexity results from the particular system having a very large number of parts, say millions of parts, or many more. Though the interactions of the parts in a "disorganized complexity" situation can be seen as largely random, the properties of the system as a whole can be understood by using probability and statistical methods. A prime example of disorganized complexity is a gas in a container, with the gas molecules as the parts. Some would suggest that a system of disorganized complexity may be compared with the (relative) simplicity of planetary orbits – the latter can be predicted by applying Newton's laws of motion. Of course, most real- world systems, including planetary orbits, eventually become theoretically unpredictable even using Newtonian dynamics; as discovered by modern chaos theory.[7]Organized complexity, in Weaver's view, resides in nothing else than the non- random, or correlated, interaction between the parts. These correlated relationships create a differentiated structure that can, as a system, interact with other systems. The coordinated system manifests properties not carried or dictated by individual parts. The organized aspect of this form of complexity vis- a- vis to other systems than the subject system can be said to "emerge," without any "guiding hand". The number of parts does not have to be very large for a particular system to have emergent properties. A system of organized complexity may be understood in its properties (behavior among the properties) through modeling and simulation, particularly modeling and simulation with computers. An example of organized complexity is a city neighborhood as a living mechanism, with the neighborhood people among the system's parts.[8]Sources and factors[edit]There are generally rules which can be invoked to explain the origin of complexity in a given system. The source of disorganized complexity is the large number of parts in the system of interest, and the lack of correlation between elements in the system. In the case of self- organizing living systems, usefully organized complexity comes from beneficially mutated organisms being selected to survive by their environment for their differential reproductive ability or at least success over inanimate matter or less organized complex organisms. See e. g. Robert Ulanowicz's treatment of ecosystems.[9]Complexity of an object or system is a relative property. For instance, for many functions (problems), such a computational complexity as time of computation is smaller when multitape Turing machines are used than when Turing machines with one tape are used. Random Access Machines allow one to even more decrease time complexity (Greenlaw and Hoover 1. Turing machines can decrease even the complexity class of a function, language or set (Burgin 2. This shows that tools of activity can be an important factor of complexity. Varied meanings[edit]In several scientific fields, "complexity" has a precise meaning: In computational complexity theory, the amounts of resources required for the execution of algorithms is studied. The most popular types of computational complexity are the time complexity of a problem equal to the number of steps that it takes to solve an instance of the problem as a function of the size of the input (usually measured in bits), using the most efficient algorithm, and the space complexity of a problem equal to the volume of the memory used by the algorithm (e. This allows to classify computational problems by complexity class (such as P, NP, etc.). An axiomatic approach to computational complexity was developed by Manuel Blum. It allows one to deduce many properties of concrete computational complexity measures, such as time complexity or space complexity, from properties of axiomatically defined measures. In algorithmic information theory, the Kolmogorov complexity (also called descriptive complexity, algorithmic complexity or algorithmic entropy) of a string is the length of the shortest binary program that outputs that string. Minimum message length is a practical application of this approach. Different kinds of Kolmogorov complexity are studied: the uniform complexity, prefix complexity, monotone complexity, time- bounded Kolmogorov complexity, and space- bounded Kolmogorov complexity. An axiomatic approach to Kolmogorov complexity based on Blum axioms (Blum 1. Mark Burgin in the paper presented for publication by Andrey Kolmogorov (Burgin 1. The axiomatic approach encompasses other approaches to Kolmogorov complexity. It is possible to treat different kinds of Kolmogorov complexity as particular cases of axiomatically defined generalized Kolmogorov complexity. Instead of proving similar theorems, such as the basic invariance theorem, for each particular measure, it is possible to easily deduce all such results from one corresponding theorem proved in the axiomatic setting. Additionally it is an effective strategy to promote your small business to many potential clients by providing you with a setting to exhibit your product or service. S. No. Name & Address of the Institute. State. Topic. Proposed Date of CRE Programme. Email & Tel/ Mob. 1. Indian Sign Language Research and Training Center (ISLRTC. Empanelled_Provider_20170915_20 State Name City Name Hospital_Name Address1 Address2 Pin STD_Code PhNo MNo Fax eMail TAMIL NADU COIMBATORE LOTUS EYE CARE HOSPITAL.![]() Tamil Nadu - Wikipedia. Tamil Nadu ((Tamil pronunciation: [t̪amiɻ n̪aːᶑu] ( listen); TamiḻNāṭu; literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 2. India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai (formerly known as Madras). Tamil Nadu[9] lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh- largest state in India by area and the sixth- most populous. The state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2. India with ₹1. 3,8. US$2. 20 billion) in gross domestic product after Maharashtra.[5] Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a "Multidimensional Development Index" in a 2. Reserve Bank of India.[1. Its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest- surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, and classical literature. Historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi- religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. History. Prehistory. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula. In Adichanallur, 2. Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) unearthed 1. Neolithic period, 3,8. The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is "very rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies. About 6. 0 per cent of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and most of these are in the Tamil language.[2. Indus valley script between 2. BCEA Neolithic stone celt (a hand- held axe) with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian- Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu. According to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, and therefore that the "Neolithic people of the Tamil country spoke a Tamil language". The date of the celt was estimated at between 1. BCE and 2. 00. 0 BCE.[2. Sangam period (3. BCE – 3. 00 CE)The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature. Numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 3. BC to AD 3. 00. The recent excavations in Alagankulam archaeological site suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important trade centre or port city in Sangam Era.[2. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present- day Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Chera ruled the whole of present- day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur (thought to be modern day Karur). The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur; and the Pandya dynasty ruled southern Tamil Nadu, from capitals at Korkai and Madurai. All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads and gems. Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco- Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. AD 6. 0 – 1. 00) gives a description of the Tamil country and its ports. Besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam (Tamil homeland) was also divided into various provinces named 'nadu', meaning 'country'. Sangam literature refers these provinces as "koduntamil mandalam" which were not exactly political or socio- cultural units but linguistic agglomerations like Kongu Nadu, Puzhinadu, Thondai Nadu, Nanjilnadu, Ay Nadu and Venadu. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the three Tamil kingdoms were overwhelmed by the Kalabhras. The period of their rule is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Age" in Tamil history and little is known about it. The Kalabhras were expelled by the Pallavas, Mutharaiyar, Badami Chalukyas and Pandyas in the 6th century. Bhakti Movement. The Bhakti movement originated in Tamil speaking region of south India and spread northwards through India. The Bhakti Movement was a rapid growth of bhakti beginning in this region with the Saiva. Nayanars (4th–1. 0th centuries)[3. Vaisnava. Alvars who spread bhakti poetry and devotion.[3. The Alwars and Nayanmars were instrumental in propagating the Bhakti tradition. Medieval period (6. During the 4th to 8th centuries, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallava dynasty under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla. Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas ruled parts of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. Tamil architecture reached its peak during Pallava rule. Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Much later, the Pallavas were replaced by the Chola dynasty as the dominant kingdom in the 9th century and they in turn were replaced by the Pandyan Dynasty in the 1. The Pandyan capital Madurai was in the deep south away from the coast. They had extensive trade links with the south east Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors, as well as contacts, even formal diplomatic contacts, reaching as far as the Roman Empire. During the 1. 3th century, Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. Temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture. The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south coast of India, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world. Chola Empire. During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by Vijayalaya Chola, who established Thanjavur as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from Mutharaiyar and the Pandya king Varagunavarman II. Aditya I and his son Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king, Aparajitavarman. Parantaka Chola II expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose to a notable power in south east Asia. Now the Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,6. Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular south India and parts of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navy went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now ) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya, Philippines[3. South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the Pallavas, acknowledging their common socio- religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. With Windows 1. 0, Microsoft could move to a subscription- based model. Microsoft has indicated that Windows 1. Instead of going the usual route and buying a perpetual Windows 1. Windows come along. Another option might be that you get a basic version of Windows 1. Microsoft currently uses with its Office for i. OS apps. Speaking at a conference in Arizona, Microsoft’s COO Kevin Turner spoke quite frankly about the rapidly changing tides of the PC market, and how ultimately Microsoft has lost a big chunk of its money- making potential. The first 3. 9 years of our company, we had one of the greatest business models of all time built around … the Windows client operating system,” said Turner, and then spoke about how Microsoft is pivoting to become a cloud- and devices- oriented company. Microsoft’s COO, Kevin Turner. Later, Turner was asked about whether Microsoft intends to use Windows 1. Windows ecosystem, which prompted this very interesting response: We plan to “monetize the lifetime of that customer through services and different add- ons that we’re (going) to be able to incorporate with that solution.” That isn’t quite confirmation that Microsoft is moving Windows 1. Turner said more details about Windows 1. 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Likewise, Windows Server, the Office suite, and many more firmly entrenched business- oriented tools, programs, and operating systems are all safe — these will all generate billions more dollars in revenue before they are (possibly) unseated by something else. On the consumer PC front, however, Microsoft’s cash printing apparatus is running out of ink — it’s still shifting lots of (cheap) OEM licenses for new PCs, but Android and i. OS have forced it to give away free copies of Windows 8 and Windows Phone for small- screen tablets and smartphones. As personal computing shifts more towards mobile devices, this trend will only worsen until Microsoft is simply giving away Windows for free — which would be great for consumers, but untenable for Microsoft. Subscriptions are the obvious way out: Give away Windows for free to hopefully gain some ground on Android and i. OS (and to secure the desktop/laptop PC market) — and then generate revenue from value- added subscriptions. 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